Module 6

Module 6: Introduction to Network Administration 
  
6.1 Workstations and Servers 
略   
6.1.1 Workstations 
 
6.1.2 Servers 
 
6.1.3 Client-server relationship 
 
6.1.4 Introduction to NOS 
 
6.1.5 Microsoft NT, 2000, and .NET 
 
6.1.6 UNIX, Sun, HP, and LINUX 
 
6.1.7 Apple 
 
6.1.8 Concept of service on servers 
 
 
6.2 Network Management 
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6.2.1 Introduction to network management 
 
6.2.2 OSI and network management model 
 
6.2.3 SNMP and CMIP standards 
 
6.2.4 SNMP operation 
 
6.2.5 Structure of management information and MIBs 
 
6.2.6 SNMP protocol 
 
6.2.7 Configuring SNMP 
 
6.2.8 RMON 
 
6.2.9 Syslog

The Cisco syslog logging utility is based on the UNIX syslog utility. System events are usually logged to the system console unless disabled. The syslog utility is a mechanism for applications, processes, and the operating system of Cisco devices to report activity and error conditions. The syslog protocol is used to allow Cisco devices to issue these unsolicited messages to a network management station.

Cisco syslog的記錄工具是以UNIXsyslog工具為基礎。系統事件通常都記錄到主控台，除非被取消。Syslog工具是應用程式、程序和Cisco設備的作業系統，用來呈現活動和錯誤條件的一種機制。Syslog協定可讓Cisco設備發出非請求訊息給網路管理站。

Every syslog message logged is associated with a timestamp, a facility, a severity, and a textual log message. These messages are sometimes the only means of gaining insight into some device misbehaviors.

每一筆紀錄的訊息都會有時間戳、設施、嚴重性和內文訊息。這些訊息有時是窺視設備行為異常的唯一方法。

Severity level indicates the critical nature of the error message. There are eight levels of severity, 0-7, with level 0 (zero) being the most critical, and level 7 the least critical. The levels are as follows:

嚴重程度代表錯誤訊息的關鍵程度。嚴重層級共有八級，0-7，第0級最嚴重，而第7級最輕微。簡述如下：

0	Emergencies
1	Alerts
2	Critical
3	Errors
4	Warnings
5	Notifications
6	Informational
7	Debugging

0 緊急

1 警戒

2 緊要

3 錯誤

4 警告

5 通知

6 資訊

7 偵錯

The facility and severity level fields are used for processing the messages. Level 0 (zero) to level 7 are facility types provided for custom log message processing. The Cisco IOS defaults to severity level 6.This setting is configurable.

設施和嚴重性欄位用來處理訊息，L0到L7是設施類，提供為客制紀錄訊息的處理。Cisco IOS預設為嚴重層級6，此設定是可以改的。

In order to have the NMS receive and record system messages from a device, the device must have syslog configured. Below is a review of the command line syntax on how to configure these devices.

為了讓NMS可接收並記錄系統訊息，設備必須設定syslog，以下是一些指令和設定方法。

To enable logging to all supported destinations:

Router(config)#logging on

To send log messages to a syslog server host, such as CiscoWorks2000:

Router(config)#logging hostname | ip address

To set logging severity level to level 6, informational:

Router(config)#logging trap informational

To include timestamp with syslog message:

Router(config)#service timestamps log datetime

啟動紀錄：

Router(config)#logging on

傳送訊息到 syslog 伺服器，如 CiscoWorks2000:

Router(config)#logging hostname | ip address

設定紀錄嚴重層級為 6 (資訊)：

Router(config)#logging trap informational

將時間戳併入訊息中：

Router(config)#service timestamps log datetime