| 姓名 | 劉嘉芳(Chia-Fang Liu) | 電子郵件信箱 | E-mail 資料不公開 | |
| 畢業系所 | 營建工程系碩士班(Department and Graduate Institute of Constrction Engineering) | |||
| 畢業學位 | 碩士(Master) | 畢業時期 | 94學年第2學期 | |
| 論文名稱(中) | 橋梁瑕疵造成損害與國家賠償法第三條賠償責任之探討 | |||
| 論文名稱(英) | The Liability Study of Article 3 of the National Compensation Law for Damage Caused by Bridge Defect | |||
| 檔案 |
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。 |
論文使用權限 | 校內外均一年後公開 | |
| 論文語文/頁數 | 中文/227 | |||
| 摘要(中) | 國家賠償法於民國七十年七月一日由總統公布開始施行，全文共十七條。國家賠償法的制定，係在具體實現憲法上所昭示的國家賠償制度、保障國內人民及國外僑民的權益與促使公務員積極任事。因此，人民的自由或權利如受公務員不法侵害或因公有公共設施設置或管理欠缺而受有損害時，可依國家賠償法請求賠償，使人民之權益，更進ㄧ步獲得實際的保護與救濟。 依國家賠償法第三條第一項明文揭櫫：「公有公共設施因設置或管理有欠缺，致人民生命、身體或財產受損害者，國家應負損害賠償責任。」換言之，國家既提供公共設施給予人民使用，理應有責任確保設施之功能、品質與安全並善盡維護管理之義務，保障往來使用人民生命、身體或財產之安全。以橋梁為例，橋梁為國家新建並提供不特定人使用，當屬國家賠償法第三條第一項所稱之公有公共設施，它不僅為道路之延伸、跨越溪流或海洋，甚至連接兩縣市之交通樞紐，扮演著連絡兩地交通之重要工程建設，與人民生活關係十分密切，若此設施存有管理維護不周、設計不當或施工不良等瑕疵，肇生損害事故，面臨損害的往往都是用路人民。 又，隨著公共建設的展開，大型車輛增多，超載致橋面不堪負荷問題相當嚴重；河床盜、濫採砂石行為猖獗，以致河床下降，橋梁基礎嚴重裸露；再加上地震、洪水、土石流、颱風等災害之潛在威脅，以及氣候潮濕造成裸露鋼筋腐蝕問題，使得橋梁結構安全問題亮起紅燈，因而引發橋梁瑕疵之問題。國家如未對此種問題加以重視，致使人民受損害，國家應負損害賠償之責，當屬無疑。例如：民國八十八年八月二十七日高屏大橋基礎裸露導致落橋事件，因相關單位未善盡責任，忽視橋梁外在危險因子導致斷橋危害，造成國家與人民無法預期的損害。因此，人民對之有求償權，國家亦應有賠償責任之義務。 另，對於國家賠償法第三條第一項所稱之『公有公共設施』一詞，國內並無像同法第二條所稱之『公務員』有作詳細之規定，導致國內學者對於『公有公共設施』一詞有諸多解釋。因此，就何謂『公有公共設施』一詞，本研究彙整論文、書籍、學者之見解並引用實務判例，使『公有公共設施』一詞有較明確之界定，且為大眾所能接受之範圍，避免一旦致人民生命財產安全遭受威脅甚至危害，國家賠償法之適用上有疑義產生，致法院公評及人民訴請困難。其次，何謂「設置或管理有欠缺」、「致使人民生命、身體或財產受損害」等，究何所指，未有明確之定義，此亦為本文所探討。 再者，橋梁及其附屬設施之設置目的、功能欠缺通常所需具備之一般安全使用狀態之「橋梁瑕疵」可能引發的損害事件種類繁多，本文試就實務運作上引發最多之瑕疵類、最少瑕疵類與特殊結構設置類等作一歸納，期能周全考慮橋梁可能引起瑕疵的各種類型，並就各項類型之功能與目的作說明；再從國家對於橋梁及其附屬設施應具有的責任義務，說明違反此義務時，國家應負的責任範圍，希能確立橋梁設置或管理有欠缺之基本態樣及責任範圍，以供參考。 本研究透過實務運作之情形，可知道路管理機關存在之目的，係在保障通行人民之安全與道路之順暢，故如道路管理機關未善盡責任排除障礙與保持設施之品質與安全，致人民受損害，此時，國家應負之責任範圍為何，實為合理，有探討之必要。 | |||
| 摘要(英) | The National
Compensation Law, involved 17 articles, comes into force from
President’s promulgation on July 1, 1981. The legislation of National
Compensation Law is designed to realize the national compensation system
declared in the Constitution specifically, to protect the rights and
interests of domestic citizens and aliens, and to promote the public
officials to take duties actively. Therefore, if civil freedoms and
rights were damaged illegally by the public officials or because of
lacks of the establishment and the management of infrastructures, people
could apply for compensations according to the National Compensation Law
in order that the rights and interests of people could get additional
protections and relief actually. According to the Item 1 of Article 3 of National Compensation Law, it provides that “Public infrastructures or public devices for the civil utilization is not safe or ill management that damages or violates the civil life, body health or wealth, the government shall be liable to compensate such damages or violations.” In other words, since the government provides infrastructures to road users, she ought to have liabilities to ensure the function, the quality and the safety of such infrastructures and also have full obligations of maintenances and managements to guarantee the life, body health or wealth safety of the infrastructure users. For example of the bridge, it is newly established by the government and provided to unspecific people. If it belongs to any of the public infrastructures or public devices provided in the Item 1 of Article 3 of National Compensation Law, it is not only the extension of roads or strides across the river or ocean. It but also even connects the transportation hubs between two cities, plays the role of important engineering constructions linking the transportations between two places and closely involves with people’s livings. If the infrastructure or device has any defect including unconsidered maintenances, improper designs or defective constructions to cause damages or accidents, those who often face such damages or accidents are road users. Besides, with the development of infrastructures, the increasing numbers of big cars cause very serious overloading that makes the bridges unbearable problems. Stealing and quarrying sandstones in the riverbed excessively are rampant, resulting in go-down riverbeds and seriously exposed bridge foundations. And with the potential threats of such disasters as earthquake, flood, landslide and typhoon and the problems of corroding exposed steels causing by wet climate, the safety of bridge structures is warning. Consequently, it causes the bridges have defects. If the government could not pay attention to such problems so as to damage civil, it is no doubt that the government should be liable for damage compensations. For example, the exposed foundation of Kaoping Bridge caused bridge fall on August 27, 1999. The agencies concerned did not do their best and neglected the externally dangerous factor of the bridge so that the bridge was broken with dangers, causing our nation and civil have unexpected damages, therefore civil shall have the right of requesting compensations and the government shall have the obligation of damage compensations. In addition, for the term of “Public Infrastructures or Public Devices” provided in the Item 1 of Article 3 of National Compensation Law, the regulation is not same detailed as that of “Public Officials” provided in the Article 2, causing domestic scholars have various explanations about “Public Infrastructures or Public Devices”. Therefore, in terms of the meaning of “Public Infrastructures or Public Devices”, this research collects all kinds of essays, books or scholars’ views and also quotes from practical test cases to more clearly define the term of “Public Infrastructures or Public Devices” in a publicly acceptable range. Once the safety of civil life or wealth incurs threats or even dangers, we shall avoid there is any doubt for the application of National Compensation Law so that it becomes difficult for court judgments and civil appeals. Second, what do they mean after all for those called “Not Safe or Ill Management”, “Damage or Violate the Civil Life, Body Health or Wealth”? There is no solid definition that is also the study topic of this research. Moreover, because the establishment purpose and the function of bridges and its accessory facilities lack of general safety conditions that are usually necessary, such “bridge defects” perhaps cause many categories of damages. In terms of those categories with maximum defects, minimum defects and special structure establishments in the practical operation, this research will draw a conclusion to expect we can consider various categories thoroughly, which may result in defects. And this research will show the function and the purpose of such various categories. Further, in terms of the liability and obligation of the government for the bridges and their accessory facilities, this research will show the responsible range of the government if violating such obligation to establish the basic model and the liability range, of which the establishment and the management of bridges are lack , for reference. Through practical operations, this research can understand that the purpose for the existence of the road administration is to protect the safety of people and to guarantee the smooth of roads. Therefore, if the road administration does not do their best to smooth away the obstacles and to keep the quality and the safety of the infrastructure so as to damage people, at this time, it is necessary to study what is the liability range of the government shall be reasonable. | |||
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